The human stomach operates in an environment with a lumen pH between 1 and 3, yet its own tissues remain intact. This resilience comes from a multilayered defense system: a mucus-bicarbonate barrier ...

This review focuses on three issues facing clinicians who care for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis; all of the issues are related to acid–base disorders. The first issue is the use of the plasma ...

Internal acid–base homeostasis is fundamental for maintaining life. Accurate and timely interpretation of an acid–base disorder can be lifesaving, but the establishment of a correct diagnosis may be ...

The focus of this critical care pearl is to discuss the use of bicarbonate drips for severe metabolic acidosis, as well as alternative options, which are available. Given the current nature of ...

DKA is a complication of diabetes that can cause many symptoms. Various lab tests can confirm a diagnosis of DKA. These include ABG tests, which measure different components of the blood. In this ...